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Shedding light onto transgenic mice in vivo. Bioluminescence: imaging Backer MV. Nasser Singab. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Authors contributions Authors may use the following wordings for this section: This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Different extracts of these Kalanchoe species have been widely used in traditional medicine. Recently it has been reported that Kalanchoe extracts possess various biological activities viz. Earlier studies on different Kalanchoe species have reported the isolation of polysaccharides, flavonoids, sterols, ascorbic acid, trace elements, organic acids, hydrocarbons, triterpenoids, phenolic components and bufadenolides.

This review presents the botany, chemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological data of genus Kalanchoe. Keywords: Kalanchoe; crassulaceae; cytotoxic; flavonoids; cardiac glycosides; triterpenes. Family Crassulaceae is widely distributed for horticulture. Kalanchoe comprises hundred species that are native to tropical areas, Africa and Brazil [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Other names of genus Kalanchoe are Bryophyllum and Cotyledon [6]. Amongst which are species K. Hamet; K.

Br; K. Wright; K. Crushed leaves are rubbed on or tied to the head to bring relief for headache in Africa [11], rheumatism in Indonesia [15], treatment of pulmonary infection, rheumatoid arthritis, immunomodulatory and gastric ulcers [16]. Most members of the family are remarkable for their xeromorphic structure, particularly the occurrence of water storage tissue in the leaf and stem.

Some are believed to be capable of absorbing water directly from the air by special hairs, epidermal cells or adventitious roots. Members of this family are not considered as important crop plants, but they are used for horticulture; many members have an unusual attractive appearance, and are quite hardy, typically needing only minimal care.

Succulent glasshouse herbs or subshrubs, with interesting foliage and flowers. Usually robust erect plants; leaves opposite, fleshy, sessile or stalked, varying from entire to crenate and pinnatifid; flowers yellow, purple or scarlet.

Terminal paniculate cymes, rather large and often showy; calyx 4 parted, the narrow lobes shorter than the corolla-tube, usually falling early; corolla 4 parted and mostly spreading, the tube usually cup-shaped; 8 stamens and 4 carpels [7].

The leaf usually centric or intermediate between dorsiventral and centric; typical palisade tissue rare, opposite, or alternate, exstipulate. Hairs are usually infrequent, but several kinds recorded; bladder-like hairs sometimes described as epidermal cells; glandular hairs with short or long stalks and which sometimes secrete mucilage; three armed, pointed hairs; biseriate hairs forming a cobweb-like surface to the leaf, together with transitions between these and glandular shaggy types.

The epidermis is usually composed of cells elongated transversely to the longitudinal axis of the leaf; papillosed in a few species. Stomata are present on all parts of the surface of the leaf; surrounded by a girdle of 3 subsidiary cells. Hydathodes, which appear as small pits or spots on the leaf visible to the naked eye, are variously distributed in different species, sometimes covering the whole of both surfaces, at others confined to one surface or arranged in rows near the leaf margin on both surfaces or only on the lower surface.

Secretory cells, with apparently tanniniferous contents, common in unlignified tissues, especially around the veins; only rarely morphologically differentiated from neighbouring cells. Crystals common, solitary, clustered, or in the form of sphaerites and crystal sand [7,17]. The stem is a fleshy structure due to the well developed parenchymatous or collenchymatous tissues of the cortex and pith. Cork usually consisting of thin-walled cells, arising in the epidermis but sometimes sub-epidermal or even more deeply seated in other genera as becoming impregnated with resin and forming a thick layer capable of reducing evaporation in certain species of Kalanchoe from Madagascar namely K.

Cortex well developed, fleshy; consisting wholly of parenchyma or with the outer part collenchymatous. Centric, sometimes numerous cortical bundles with central xylem present in certain genera. Phloem poorly developed, including narrow sieve tubes which are not easily seen.

Xylem nearly always in the form of a continuous cylinder, only rarely dissected by wide rays [7,17]. The root is described as having red root tips, colored by an anthocyan pigment which is intensified by bright light [7,17]. The flowers are bisexual, rarely unisexual then dioecious, actinomorphic, 3- 4- to 5- merous; sepals free or united into a tube, persistant; petals as many as the sepals, free or united; stamens hypogynous or epipetalous, as many as the petals or twice as many; filaments free or adnate to the petals; scale like nectaries usually present between the stamens and carpels.

Carpels are superior, equal in number to the petals, free or slightly connate at the base, monolocular; numerous ovules; style is short or elongate [1]. The flowers are generally arranged in cymose inflorescences at the end of the leaf-shoot, or in lateral cymes. They form dichasia with a tendency to pass into monochasia, or are purely monochasial.

Dichasia and monochasia may be arranged in racemes, corymbs, umbels or panicles [18]. The fruit is follicular; seeds are minute and elongated; embryo is straight and endosperm is present [1]. These compounds may be classified into several groups namely: flavonoid glycosides, anthocyanins, coumarins, bufadienlolides, triterpenoids, phenanthrenes, sterols, fatty acids and kalanchosine dimalate salt. Patuletin-3,7-di-O- 1 K.

Orange varieties contained delphinidin derivatives [21]. The isolated bufadienolides from leaves and whole aerial parts from different Kalanchoe species are reported in Table 3, Figure 1. Table 3. Protocatechuic-4'-O- -D- C1-glucopyranoside was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of 4 the leaf aqueous extract of K. Blumenol A, a megstigmane derivative, was isolated from the methanol extracts of K.

On the other hand, 3-oxo-oleanene and -sitosterol had isolated from the dichloromethane fraction of the leaves of K. Structure of Bufadienolides isolated from Genus Kalanchoe 5. Only the juice from the 4 latter species had shown high virus neutralizing activity [36].

Treating the rats with the methanol extract before the experiment had shown an obvious effect of protection against different ulcerogenic compounds and stress conditions too.

A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to ovalbumin had been developed by intravenous and topical routes followed by intraperitoneal and oral routes. These indicated that the aqueous extract of K. The fractionation of the juice of the fresh stems and leaves of K. Recently, the protective effect of the leaves of K. In vitro, K. Oral treatment with aqueous leaf extract of K. The oral route had showed higher activity compared to other routes [38].

Quercitrin, one of the constituents of the biologically active aqueous extract obtained from K. This was the first time that antileishmanial activity is demonstrated for a flavonoid glycoside. Also, they identified three flavonoids from the aqueous leaf extract of K. Among the important structure activity relationship findings is the role of quercetin aglycone and rhamnosyl unit linked at C-3 [22, 39].

Lately they indicated that quercetin glycosides are important active components of the aqueous extract and that they possess potent oral efficacy against cutaneous leishmaniasis [40]. On the other side reduction of exploratory behavior and loss of residual curiosity were observed [41]. Further tests were done to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of juice obtained from leaves of K.

Mice received a subcutaneous injection of zymosan in the footpad. Treatment had shown reduced footpad thickness, leukocyte infiltration and blood flow in the footpad area. Popliteal lymph node weight in zymosan-injected mice had also decreased, in comparison with indomethacin [ 42 ].

The anti-inflammatory activity of the fresh juice was attributed to the presence of kalanchosine dimalate KMC , an anti-inflammatory salt [34].

Kalanchoe brasiliensis may be responsible for the inhibition of the iodide-oxidation reaction catalyzed by this enzyme by trapping of hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the chronic uptake of the K.

Bryophyllin B, a potent cytotoxic bufadienolide were isolated from Bryophyllum pinnatum and tested against various tumor cells [29]. Five bufadienolides from the leaves of K. The aerial parts of K. However, few compounds had inhibited HIV replication in H9 lymphocyte cells [31]. The methanol extract of K. The aqueous and the alcoholic extracts of the leaves of K. From the most active cytotoxic fraction, methylene chloride, the cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds were evaluated against normal HFB4 and cancer MCF7 cells.

The test material was found effective as hepatoprotective as evidenced by in-vitro, in-vivo and histopathological studies. The juice was found more effective than ethanol extract [45]. In vitro studies revealed that the K. The aqueous leaf extract of K. The extract significantly increased the latency period in seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol and significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by the three convulsant agents. The activity of the hydroalcohol extracts K.

The antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of K. Different extracts from the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum and K. The leaves were extracted by different solvents viz.

Also one of the methods to prepare an extract was to squeeze raw juice from the leaves. All extracts were lyophilized. Then they were tested against different Gram-negative, Gram- positive organisms and a fungus using Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration MBC ; this experiment showed different antimicrobial activities against certain strains [51].

The n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform soluble fractions of a crude methanol extract of the whole plant of Bryophyllum daigremontianum were subjected to antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The carbon tetrachloride soluble partitionate of the methanol extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and the most potent cytotoxic activity [52].

In vitro, KMC inhibited the interleukin-7 dependent proliferation of B cell precursors and do not induce cell death. When administered intravenously at different doses, the n-butanol extract of K. The n-butanol extract was found to increase the amplitude of electrical contraction of papillary. When tested on the ventricular myocardiac cell action potential, the extract significantly and time dependently delayed the repolarization without affecting the amplitude. The bradycardic effect of the n-butanol extract may result from the increase of the PR, QRS, and QT intervals which are in accord with the delay in action potential repolarization observed in in vitro studies.

The data obtained in the in vitro studies suggested that K. Diabetes was induced by submitting Wistar rats to a hypercaloric sucrose diet over 4 months. The water-ethanol extract of K.